Description
Objective
This programming assignment is intended to give you experience in using UNIX system calls for process management (e.g., fork(), execv(), wait(), open(), and close()) and establishing pipes for interprocess communication.
An Interactive Shell
Shell programs, such as the standard shell (sh), Bourne-again shell (bash) and C shell (csh), provide a powerful
programming environment that allows users to utilize many of the services provided by the operating system.
In this assignment, you will implement a simple, interactive command-line interpreter or shell, which we call
dragonshell, in C or C++ (whichever you prefer). An interactive shell displays a prompt, reads and executes commands from user, prints out the result, and displays the prompt again. Unlike shells that support batch
processing only, the user can interact with such a shell.
Your shell program must be able to execute a small set of built-in commands besides any external command that
can be located in the path. In the former case, the shell contains the code to execute these commands. In the latter
case, the shell does not understand the command, so it merely searches for the command name in its path or the
working directory to identify the corresponding program and executes it with the provided arguments.
To implement your shell program, you will have to use system calls directly in your code. Thus, the first step is to
familiarize yourself with UNIX system calls including the ones mentioned in this table:
system call man page
chdir() man
fork() man
execve() man
exit() man
wait() man
open() man
close() man
dup2() man
pipe() man
kill() man
Feature Highlights
Your task is to implement an interactive shell with the following required features:
1. Support the basic commands listed below. These commands must be implemented in your shell.
(a) cd for changing the present working directory;
(b) pwd for printing the present working directory;
(c) a2path for overwriting or appending an address to the path variable;
(d) exit for gracefully terminating the shell and all forked processes.
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2. Run an external program with the provided arguments when its full (absolute) path is provided, or when the
program can be located in the path or in the present working directory.
3. Run multiple commands written in a single line, separated by “;”.
4. Support background execution when an “&” is put at the end of the command line.
5. Support redirecting the output from one program to a file.
6. Support piping the output of one program to another program.
7. Handle signals, generated by specific keyboard shortcuts, for stopping or pausing processes created by the
shell. In particular, it should capture and handle Ctrl-C which sends SIGINT, and Ctrl-Z which sends SIGTSTP. Note that pressing Ctrl-C should not kill the shell, nor should Ctrl-Z interrupt the shell and redirect you
to bash.
Below we describe these requirements in detail.
Create a New Process for Each Command
When user enters a new command, dragonshell should either create a new process for executing this command
with the specified arguments or print out an error message (dragonshell: Command not found) if the
command is not a recognized built-in command, and it is not found in the present working directory and in the
shell’s path. The shell must return control to user (i.e., displays the prompt) only after the new process terminates.
Note that a program can take zero, one, or several space separated arguments.
Example
dragonshell > pwd
/home//CMPUT-379/Assignment-1
dragonshell > /usr/bin/which which
/usr/bin/which
dragonshell > rand
dragonshell: Command not found
In the above example, we assumed that /usr/bin/which is the full path to the which program, and the rand
program was not found in the shell’s path or in the current working directory.
Note: You must use the shell’s path variable defined using a built-in command (described below) rather than the
PATH environment variable.
Add Support for Built-in Commands
The following built-in commands must be implemented by dragonshell rather than invoking external programs
which perform the same operations.
A. cd Command
Like bash and a lot of other shells, cd is used to change the current working directory. cd should take only one
argument which is the full or relative path of a directory that user wants to change to.
Example
dragonshell > pwd
/home//CMPUT-379/Assignment-1
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dragonshell > cd ..
dragonshell > pwd
/home//CMPUT-379
dragonshell > cd Assignment-12
dragonshell: No such file or directory
dragonshell > cd
dragonshell: expected argument to “cd”
dragonshell >
You need to handle possible error conditions. Specifically, the shell must prompt the user if it cannot find the directory or is missing an argument. In the former case, it should output dragonshell: No such file or
directory and in the latter case it should output dragonshell: expected argument to “cd”.
B. pwd Command
Like bash and a lot of other shells pwd is used to show the current directory. pwd should take no arguments to
show the present working directory.
Example
dragonshell > pwd
/home//CMPUT-379/Assignment-1
dragonshell >
C. Showing the path and a2path Command
Typing in $PATH should tell the user the shell’s path. The a2path command should allow the user to update the
path either by overwriting it or appending to it by using $PATH:. Like bash, you should use colon
(:) as the delimiter to separate different paths.
Example
dragonshell > $PATH
Current PATH: /bin/:/usr/bin/
dragonshell > a2path $PATH:/usr/local/bin
dragonshell > $PATH
Current PATH: /bin/:/usr/bin/:/usr/local/bin
dragonshell >
You can assume that /bin/ and /usr/bin/ are initially included in the path.
D. exit Command
When the user types exit or presses Ctrl – D , the shell should gracefully terminate all processes running in the
background (if any) before terminating itself.
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Example
dragonshell > exit
Exiting
# back to normal shell
The same behaviour is expected if Ctrl – D is pressed.
Run External Programs
Your shell must be able to run any program that is found within its PATH; in the present working directory; or
in the full path specified by user, and print out its output (similar to what happens when you run this program in
bash). If the program is not found in the shell’s PATH or the specified path, dragonshell should prompt the
user that an error had occurred that the program is not found.
Example
dragonshell > /usr/bin/touch readme.md
dragonshell > ls readme.md
readme.md
In the above example, the ls command was found in the shell’s PATH, and therefore could be launched by the
shell.
Output Redirection
When running programs, it’s sometimes useful to direct the output to a file. The syntax [process] > [file]
tells your shell to redirect the process’s standard output to a file. Bash allows you to chain input and output
redirection within a single line, but for simplicity we will only support output redirection.
Example
dragonshell > ls > lsout.txt
This should redirect the output from ls to the file lsout.txt. It should not display anything to the shell. If the
file already exist then it will overwrite the previous content of the file. Otherwise, it will create a new file.
Pipe
A useful feature of dragonshell is that allows for processing the output from one command using another
command. This is where pipes are useful. For example, you want to list the first ten files within a directory
(recursively) that has a .cpp file extension. You can do in bash by running the line below.
$ find ./ | grep “.cpp” | head
dragonshell needs to support piping as well. The syntax ”[process 1] | [process 2]” tells your shell
to redirect the output from process 1 to the input of process 2.
Note: For pipes you only need to support one level of piping. i.e., you will not need to support multiple, or chained
pipes.
Example
dragonshell > find ./ | sort
./
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./dragonshell
./dragonshell.cpp
./dragonshell.hpp
./lsout.txt
./Makefile
./README.md
This should return a sorted list of all files and folders listed in the current working directory.
Running Multiple Commands
Most shells can run multiple commands written in a single command line. For example, in bash you can run
multiple commands in a single line using “;” as the delimiter.
Similarly, in dragonshell the syntax ”[command 1] ; [command 2] will first run command 1 and then
command 2. Many commands can be executed sequentially using this syntax as long as a “;” is put between every
two commands. The shell will give back control to the user after all the commands have been processed.
Example
dragonshell > ls -al > lsout.txt ; find ./ | sort ; whereis gcc
./
./dragonshell
./dragonshell.cpp
./dragonshell.hpp
./lsout.txt
./Makefile
gcc: /usr/bin/gcc /usr/lib/gcc /usr/share/man/man1/gcc.1.gz
dragonshell >
This will write the output from ls -al to a file called lsout.txt, then it will return a sorted list of all files and
folders listed in the current working directory, finally it will return the location of where the gcc binary is stored.
You program should be able to run an ”infinite” amount of commands in sequence.
Handling Signals
Most shells let you stop or pause processes with special keystrokes. These special keystrokes, such as Ctrl-C
and Ctrl-Z, work by sending signals to the shell’s subprocesses. If we send these signals to your shell either
by keystrokes or by terminal then it will terminate or stop the shell itself; we do not want that to happen in
dragonshell, so we have to send signals to the shell’s subprocesses only.
Expected behaviour: this is what we expect to happen
dragonshell > ˆC
dragonshell > ˆC
dragonshell > ˆZ
dragonshell >
Rather than this
dragonshell > ˆC
# back to normal bash
or this
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dragonshell > ˆZ
[1]+ Stopped ./dragonshell
# back to normal bash
Putting Jobs in Background
So far, your shell waits for each process to finish before starting the next one. But most UNIX shells allow the
user to run a command in the background by putting an “&” at the end of the command line. In this case, the shell
allows the user to run other commands without waiting for the background process to finish.
Your shell program must support the background execution of a command when the “&” character appears at the
end of the command line. You will have at most one program running in the background and it will be an external
program rather than a built-in command.
Example
dragonshell > ls &
PID 1741 is running in the background
dragonshell >
When you put a process in the background, your shell should output the same message as in the above example,
except that 1741 is replaced with the PID of the new process that is put in the background.
You do not need to write a function that will bring a background process to the foreground. Furthermore, the
process running in the background does not need to send a message to the terminal upon completion.
Starter Code
Download a1-starter-code.zip file from eclass; it contains the starter code in C and C++ for this assignment (use the one that is appropriate). The starter code includes the main function and a string tokenizer which
splits a string into words.
Deliverables
Submit your assignment as a single compressed archive file (dragonshell.zip or dragonshell.tar.gz)
containing:
1. A custom Makefile with at least these four targets: (a) the main target dragonshell which simply links
all object files and produces an executable called dragonshell, (b) the target compile which compiles
your code and produces the object file(s), (c) the target clean which removes the objects and executables,
and (d) the target compress which produces the compressed archive (ready for submission). You may add
more targets to your Makefile if necessary.
2. A plain text document, called readme.md, which explains your design choices, lists the system calls you
used to implement each of the required features, and elaborates on how you tested your implementation.
Make sure you cite all sources that contributed to your assignment in this file. You may use a markup
language, such as Markdown, to format this plain text file.
3. All files required to build your project including the starter code.
Your shell should run by entering the following commands in bash:
$ make
$ ./dragonshell
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A prompt or a greeting should be shown to determine that dragonshell has started execution. For example:
______________
,===:’., `-._
`:.`—.__ `-._
`:. `–. `.
\. `. `.
(,,(, \. `. ____,-`.,
(,’ `/ \. ,–.___`.’
, ,’ ,–. `, \.;’ `
`{D, { \ : \;
V,,’ / / //
j;; / ,’ ,-//. ,—. ,
\;’ / ,’ / _ \ / _ \ ,’/
\ `’ / \ `’ / \ `.’ /
`.___,’ `.__,’ `.__,’
__ __ _ _ ___ ___ _ _ _
\ \ / /__| |__ ___ _ __ ___ | |_ ___ | \ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ _ / __| |_ ___| | |
\ \/\/ / -_) / _/ _ \ ‘ \/ -_) | _/ _ \ | |) | ‘_/ _` / _` / _ \ ‘ \ \__ \ ‘ \/ -_) | |
\_/\_/\___|_\__\___/_|_|_\___| \__\___/ |___/|_| \__,_\__, \___/_||_| |___/_||_\___|_|_|
|___/
dragonshell >
It does not have to be fancy like above; your shell can simply output Welcome to Dragon Shell! when it
is executed.
Misc. Notes
• This assignment must be completed individually without consultation with anyone besides the instructor
and TAs.
• You can write the shell program in C or C++. The starter code is provided for both languages. You must
compile the program using gcc or g++. No warnings should be returned when your code is compiled with
-Wall flag. Also make sure that your code does not print anything extra for debugging.
• You cannot use system( ) or popen( ) to implement any of the required features.
• You must use system calls directly in your code. Marks will be deducted if you use functions from the
standard C library (glibc).
• Check your code for memory leaks. You may use the Valgrind tool suite:
valgrind –tool=memcheck –leak-check=yes ./dragonshell
• You can use your own machine to write the code, but you must make sure that it compiles and runs on the
Linux lab machines (e.g., ugXX.cs.ualberta.ca where XX is a number between 00 and 34).
• When developing and testing your program, make sure that you clean up all processes before you logout of
a workstation.
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